Quantum communication

24.06.2025

Quantum communication

Context

Researchers from IIT Delhi and DRDO advanced India’s capabilities in quantum communication, a futuristic technology aimed at building hack-proof satellite-based communication networks. India now aims to launch its own quantum communication satellite by 2030, putting it on track to join global leaders in secure communication systems.

About the News

• India aims to launch a quantum satellite by 2030 for secure and encrypted communication.
• IIT Delhi and DRDO have built key parts of this emerging technology.
• In 2025, India achieved 1 km wireless communication using quantum entanglement, a major milestone.
• China is the global leader, already operating quantum satellites since the last decade.
   

Key Characteristics / Provisions

• Quantum communication uses photons (particles of light) to carry information, making it ultra-secure.
   Why is it secure? Any attempt to intercept the signal changes the photon’s state, alerting both parties.
• Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ensures data cannot be read or copied by hackers.
  This method generates encryption keys based on quantum principles, unlike normal passwords.
• India’s system will work through two modes:
  • Optical fiber-based (wired) for short-range urban use.
  • Entanglement-based (wireless) for long-range communication including satellite-to-ground links.
• Qubit is the quantum version of a bit. Unlike classical bits (only 0 or 1), qubits can be 0, 1, or both at once.
   This allows faster and more complex calculations in quantum computers.
• Quantum Entanglement is when two particles stay connected, so changing one instantly affects the other—no matter the distance.
   This is the basis of long-distance wireless quantum communication.
• Future applications include military-grade encryption, secure government messaging, banking protection, and even quantum internet.
   

Major Challenges

• High technological complexity and cost of infrastructure.
   Example: Quantum hardware like single-photon detectors and cryogenic systems are expensive.
• China’s technological lead adds pressure on India’s program.
   Example: China’s Micius satellite has already achieved space-to-ground QKD.
• Limited experimental facilities and ecosystem in India.
   Example: Very few Indian labs are equipped for practical quantum research.
• Shortage of trained professionals in quantum physics and engineering.
   Example: Most Indian universities still teach only classical physics and computing.
   

Way Forward

• Increase investment in research through government-backed quantum missions.
   Example: Establish National Quantum Laboratories in premier institutes like IITs and IISc.
• Encourage private-sector partnerships to accelerate development.
   Example: Collaborate with Indian tech startups in encryption and satellite systems.
   
• Launch real-world pilot projects in critical sectors like defense and finance.
   Example: Implement quantum-secured messaging between military bases and DRDO.
• Reform academic curriculum to include quantum science and engineering.
   Example: Introduce quantum mechanics, optics, and computing in B.Tech and M.Sc. programs.
   

Conclusion

India’s quantum satellite mission reflects a strategic ambition to secure its digital infrastructure against cyber threats. For UPSC aspirants, this represents a key intersection of science & technology, international competition, and national security. With sustained focus on research, training, and collaboration, India can emerge as a quantum communication leader by 2030.